certe certainly forsitan perhaps (signals possibility) ne signals a negative hortatory or optative subjunctive, a negative dependent clause, or introduces an indirect question (ÒwhetherÓ) oratio, orationis speech, oration postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatus demand, require rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus seize, grab spero, sperare, speravi, speratus hope, hope for utinam would that (signals wish)