2. What drew you towards art?  
“A bizarre academic path. In high school, math was my biggest subject. Math was always a comfortable thing, just problem solving – finding the definite solution.  In college, I was an engineering major for two years. Then, I just did not like the academic program. I went on to be a math major, but found that I really did not like the fact that many of the professors there seemed to keep to themselves. . . I did not want that. I started taking some art history classes my junior year, but it was too late to change my major. I graduated with a B.A. in Mathematics. So I studied art history in graduate school. I have always liked art and cultural things, music, art, theater.”  
Why do you think scientists are drawn to their field?  
“It depends on the kind of science.  I would guess some are drawn by the problem solving aspects. You can discover or invent something beneficial. I imagine that the problem solving or a curiosity about the world out there, what do atoms and molecules look like, how is life sustained? The physical world is so complicated; it is natural to want to understand it.”  
Summary of all answers to question 2
 
3.  What do you aim to accomplish in art?  
     “Vaguely, I just want (in teaching) to raise people’s awareness of this incredibly visual world we live in. We internalize images, and they have a profound effect on us both consciously and unconsciously.”  
     “Also, you just want students to enjoy and understand art. We get pleasure by looking at beautiful things. We want that for them, too. To lose the intimidation of the museum.  
     “Also, to enjoy and appreciate history. In the modern age, it has become disregarded. When the modern breaks away from the past, we tend to forget it. I want people to be more aware of the importance of history.”  
What do you think scientists aim to accomplish?  
“Well, my psychology friends are caught in a modernist paradigm that what we know can be improved. The knowledge can be bettered. Art is in more personal terms, that is, as the art ages, each generation sees it differently. Scientific ideas don’t always age well, but great art continues to fascinate (and often for new reasons).”  
Summary of all answers to question 3 

4. Do you think what you do is creative?  If so, how?  If not,   
why?  
“Yes. When writing about art you have to be creative. Forty to fifty years ago, many art historians would say their own creativity was not an issue, the facts and the right answers were important. Now in the Humanities individual issues and concerns are brought to the front. When you write, you have to be creative, but also accurate to history. There are some questions without answers, and there is creativity in interpreting them.”  
Do you think science is creative? If so, how? If not, why?  
“Probably it is. People who make original advancements in science are creative by re-thinking and imagining problems in ways that other people may not have ever thought.”  
Summary of all answers to question 4 

5. To what degree do emotions play a role in your work if at all?  
“In the basic sense, there is an emotional component in my work. As an art historian, you tend to work on things you like. I guess you have to work on things that give you pleasure, and then you develop feelings of affection and attachment to works. That is probably the one important way emotions come into my field of study.”  
To what degree do you think emotions play a role in science?  
“The simple minded view is that they do not. One can become emotional about theories and ideas, I am sure there is a fair amount of that. We tend to think scientists are driven by battling for dominance. Scientists’ emotions are charged by their hypotheses.”  
Summary of all answers to question 5  

6.  What is beauty?  
“I guess there are many different kind of beauty. For example, in visual art, beauty just stops you and you forget yourself for a moment. Or even the opposite in a way -- you can feel extra alive or extra human. But other types of beauty exist, too. There is a really spiritual kind of human beauty, like you see in a person you love. In art, it is almost impossible to define. It is what gives you pleasure, and that is hard to define, too. In the end, the history of art tells us that every era and every artist has a different concept of beauty.”  
 Do you find beauty in science?  
“Yes, in certain respects. There is a kind of inhuman beauty to the order of the universe, and a beauty in our ability to see it more clearly thanks to science.”  
Summary of all answers to question 6 

7. Do you think art and science are related?  If so, how?  If not, why?  
“My naive answer would be that I think of them as separate. Two different ways of thinking and looking at the world.”  
Summary of all answers to question 7 

9. When you are observing nature, what thoughts come to mind?  
“Sometimes one does think or art when looking at nature, the landscapes, trees, clouds remind me of works of art, a ‘Renoir Sky.’ I don’t think of the world that scientifically. I am always trying to look at things more carefully through drawing. Like a tree, every visual aspect of it I look at. In an unscientific way, I want to know how it looks, what it is, but not what is going on at a scientific level. I want to know the visual. Nature is among the most complicated things.”  
Summary of all answers to question 9  

10.  What do you consider success in your field?  
“I define it in an audience centered way. If a number of my students come away liking art and want to look at more art, interested in learning more about art. In a more scholarly way, I would like to write one or two really good books which are creative, interesting, and useful for the history of art and visual culture.”  
Summary of all answers to question 10 

2.  What drew you towards science?  
“I’ve always liked to know how things worked. When I was young, I used to take things apart to find out how they ‘ticked.’ In high school physics, it all just ‘clicked,’ and it was all very interesting. It was basically logical thinking and reasoning, things that came relatively easy to me.”  
Why do you think artists are drawn to their field?  
“Artists have a more intuitive nature and ‘feel’ things differently. With less emphasis on linear thinking, they focus more on creative spirit. It is not true that artists are more creative than scientists. They just feel things more, and are not drawn so much to the logical (how things work) world, which lets them be more creative in their intuitive nature.”  
Summary of all answers to question 2

3.  What do you aim to accomplish in science?  
“To learn something fundamental about the world around us, and to get one step closer to the final conclusion of ‘how things work.’ Fitting the puzzle together. Also, formulating laws from observation or understanding a substance’s properties or structure. Ultimately to understand how nature is put together, and to find the truth.”  
What do you think artists aim to accomplish?  
“I think they have a more human to human connection. They show feelings in their work and aim to convey those expressions through their creativity. They also aim to obtain feedback via other’s opinions.”  
Summary of all answers to question 3 

4.  Do you think what you do is creative?  If so, how?  If not,   
why?  
“Yes. Nature is very clever in hiding the secrets of the world. In order to find them, one must be very creative. Creativity is used for the technique of discovery. You can not just go outside and say, ‘Tell me!’ Also, when obtaining data, creativity is used in the interpretation of the data, deciding what it all means. Some people can see patterns and what all the numbers mean – it is imaginative, like in art.”  
Do you think art is creative? If so, how? If not, why?  
“Yes, totally. The art is coming out of a person, it is a product of their own being, an expression of the spirituality and feelings they have about their universe. Scientists are looked at as cold, while artists are warm. This is not totally true. It is just the training, and expression differences. Artists express, sciences don’t so much.”  
Summary of all answers to question 4 

5.  To what degree do emotions play a role in your work if at all?   
“Emotions should not play a major role in science, just cold logical analysis. But scientists are people with egos, show competitiveness. They want to be right, and are excited when everything does work out. They do show emotions . .the ‘motivation emotions.’ In general, though scientists are just highly focused, and don’t express their feelings as part of their work. But artists are focused too. Expressing their emotions is more a part of their product.”  
To what degree do you think emotions play a role in art/?  
(Answered in previous responses)  
Summary of all answers to question 5  

6.  What is beauty?  
“My first response would be an ascetic quality, things that are pleasing to the eye, or spirit. But a lot of things are beautiful – understanding a concept, and symmetry. A lot of subjective things, based upon what you were taught and what your family considers beautiful are likely to influence what you think has beauty.”  
Do you find beauty in art?  
“Sure. No work is ugly to me, but I might find it ‘strange’ if no connection or feelings have been transmitted. Some things just don’t speak to me.”  
Do you find beauty in science?  
“Yes. The intricacies of understanding. . .how it fits together like a puzzle. It is amazing how things are connected, and finding those connections is beautiful. The beauty in finding that last piece of the puzzle.” A fine machine can be beautiful, even a work of art. . . the creativity of the design and the mechanical aspects of it show beauty.”  
Summary of all answers to question 6 

7.  Do you think art and science are related?  If so, how?  If not, why?  
“I don’t know. There is probably a continuum from linear (scientific) to intuitive (art) though, and many people who bridge that gap. But there is the ‘Art’ of something. When there is something you cannot write a procedure for, and list exactly how to do it. Like someone making scientific crystals. Some people just cannot do it, but others know . . . when this looks like this, put about this much in, and wait about oh . . . this long. Art and creativity all go together. There is an overlap from that point of view. There are artists who have done science, and there are scientists who do art, but art and science are separated in the world, and are two stereotypical ends to the spectrum. One example of an overlap is that artist using the science of high technology to produce his or her art.”  
Summary of all answers to question 7 

8.  Which do you think plays a greater role: science in art or art in science?   
“I suppose that art has a larger role in science because art helps science more than the other way around. Many great scientists were amateur artists. For example, Einstein played the violin with fellow scientists.”  
Summary of all answers to question 8 

9.  When you are observing nature, what thoughts come to mind?  
“That it is very complicated. Nature is clever by hiding its secrets. It is fascinating how things are connected. Those in the humanities look at nature with spiritual thoughts and feelings, scientists look for the logical connections. When I listen to music, I hear the quality of the sound, ‘Is this good, or is (the sound) distorted?’ Someone into music (for emotions) would listen to a broken, scratched record and can detect good music out of it. I am distracted by its distortions.”  
Summary of all answers to question 9  

10.  What do you consider success in your field?  
“As a teacher at Drew, I look at success as measured by how well my students do . . . this number to grad school, this number to internships, how successful a student lab experiment went, and if all the students understood it. As a scientist, its making discoveries, and getting one step closer to understanding nature and the universe. A number of meaningful discoveries is important personally, while the number of published works is probably more important to the boss at the institution. The hard part is combining the two – teaching and being in the lab, finding the best of both worlds.”  
Summary of all answers to question 10 

2.  Why do you think scientists are drawn to their field?   
“I honestly don’t know.  The same things as artists, I suppose, with a more rigorous will to obey the world more than their own imaginations.”  
Why do you think artists are drawn to their field?  
“In the contemporary world, probably a strong individual creative will.  I don’t think it’s always been like that; in ancient times, it was probably more in terms of craft.  Today, a cathedral is art, but it is the work of individual craftsmen.  Also, a recording of a Mass from that time would be art today, but not to them back then”  
Summary of all answers to question 2

3.  What do you think scientists aim to accomplish?   
“To reveal the truth.”  
What do you think artists aim to accomplish?   
“To produce the beautiful.”  
Summary of all answers to question 3 

4.  Do you think science is creative? If so, how? If not, why?   
“Yes.  Any time you use the human mind to observe and reason new things, that is a creative process.  Explaining what scientists have found in the empirical world requires creativity in using language.”  
Do you think art is creative? If so, how? If not, why?  
“Yes, they are using their imaginations to produce things, which is the creative process.  Even if I dislike them, I still consider them creative.  But not all art’s like that; if an artist is producing something that’s been done before, then it’s not creative, just redundant.  But the successful ones are creative.”  
Summary of all answers to question 4 

5.  To what degree do you think emotions play a role in art?  
“They play a great role in everyone’s life.  I don’t think it’s a very important part of the process, but they’re human beings, so there’s going to be some kind of emotion involved.”  
To what degree do you think emotions play a role in science?  
“They play a partial role, I suppose.  They could be tapping into their emotions when they produce things, though I don’t think it’s necessary.  Someone can produce a craft like a building, which is something I consider art, but it is emotionally unattached.”  
Summary of all answers to question 5  

6.  What is beauty?   
“Beauty is truth and goodness.”  
Do you find beauty in art?   
“Yes.  I think that’s self-explanatory.”  
Do you find beauty in science?  
“No.  What scientists are studying may be beautiful, and the scientist may be a beautiful person, but the processes they use aren’t really beautiful or ugly.”  
Summary of all answers to question 6 

7.  Do you think art and science are related?  If so, how?  If not, why?  
“Yes.  They both search for truth.  Art searches for it via illumination within the human soul, science searches for it via explorations outside the soul.  The only difference would be that art causes a person to reevaluate him/herself -- it betters us.  But the scientific process does not help us.  The outcome may be good or bad.”  
Summary of all answers to question 7 

8.  Which do you think plays a greater role: science in art or art in science?  
“I would suspect that they both play an equal role in each other.  The artistic image can influence science and how the science is done.  Likewise, a work of art can be influential for science in both what the artist produces and the process of making it.”  
Summary of all answers to question 8 

9.  When you are observing nature, what thoughts come to mind?  
“God.  Life.  Uncivilized.”  
Summary of all answers to question 9  

10.  What do you consider success in your field?  
“The discovery and recognition of regular and specific patterns in nature.”  
“The production of the beautiful, that which illuminates the good and the truthful.” 
Summary of all answers to question 10